The Role Of Information Systems

The Role Of Information Systems Modern business is surrounded by the information systems which are in place to assess the opportunities and limitations available for the businessmen in order to be productive in their respective field. It is impossible to know the information systems without the proper knowledge of the information technology which is changing at a rapid pace nowadays. The movement and processing of data and information to expedite business operations and decisions is called information systems. (McGraw-Hill, 2000) Role of information system The role of the information system is to forecast the needs and demands of the company on the basis of its current usage and to keep in mind the future changes which are going to take place for instance extension of business operations in the new market so the information system can propose larger database which will easily store the data. It is a decision for the top management and includes huge cost. Types of information systems Information systems may differ in their needs but the most common types of information systems are discusses in detail below; Decision support system (DSS) Management information system (MIS) Transaction processing system (TPS) Executive support system (ESS) Operational-level Systems This system has to support operational managers by keeping track of the elementary activities and transactions of the organization. The principle function of systems at this level is to answer regular questions and track the flow of transactions through the organization. This system covers things such as sales, receipts, cash deposits, payroll, credit decisions and flow of materials. Knowledge-level Systems This system looks after the support knowledge and data workers in an organization. The purpose of these systems is to help the organization discover, sort out and put together new and existing knowledge in to the business, and to help control the flow of paperwork. These systems, especially in the form of collaboration tools, workstations, and office systems, are the fastest growing applications in business today.   Management-level Systems This is designed to serve the monitoring, controlling, decision-making, and administrative activities of middle managers. These typically provide periodic reports rather than instant  on operations. Some of these systems support non-routine decision-making, focusing on less-structured decisions for which requirements are not always clear. This will often require from outside the organization, as well as from normal operational-level data. Strategic-level Systems It helps senior management to handle and address strategic issues and long-term trends, both within the organization and in the environment outside the operations. The principal concern is matching organizational capability to changes, and opportunities, occurring in the medium to long term (i.e. 5 10 years) in the external environment. Typically, an organization might have operational, knowledge, management and strategic level systems for each functional area within the organization. This would be based on the management model adopted by the organization, so, while the most commonly-adopted systems structure would simply follow the standard functional model, structures reflecting bureaucratic, product and matrix models are also possible. Operational-level Systems   Transaction-Processing Systems (TPS) Basic business systems Perform daily routine transactions necessary for business functions At the operational level, tasks, resources and goals are predefined and highly structured Generally, five functional categories are identified, as shown in the diagram. Knowledge-level Systems   Office Automation Systems (OAS) Targeted at meeting the knowledge needs of  data workers  within the organization Data workers tend to process rather than create primarily involved in  use, manipulation or dissemination. Typical OAS handles and manages documents, scheduling and communication. Knowledge Work Systems (KWS) Targeted at meeting the knowledge needs of  knowledge workers  within the organization In general, knowledge workers hold degree-level professional qualifications (e.g. engineers, scientists, lawyers), their jobs consist primarily in creating new knowledge and information for that particular department in order to find out the best suitable candidates to work with the organization. KWS, such as scientific or engineering design workstations, promote the creation of new knowledge, and its dissemination and integration throughout the organization. Management-level Systems   Management information  Systems (MIS) MIS provide managers with reports and, in some cases, on-line access to the organizations current performance and historical records Typically these systems focus entirely on internal events, providing the information for short-term planning and decision making. MIS summarize and report on the basic operations of the organization, dependent on the underlying TPS for their data. Decision-Support Systems (DSS) As MIS, these serve the needs of the management level of the organization Focus on helping managers make decisions that are semi-structured, unique, or rapidly changing, and not easily specified in advance Use internal information from TPS and MIS, but also receive data  from the external sources Greater analytical power than other systems, incorporate modeling tools, aggregation and analysis tools, and support what-if  scenarios They must provide user-friendly, interactive tools Strategic-level Systems   Executive Support Systems (ESS/EIS) Serve the strategic level of the organization ESS/EIS address unstructured decisions and create a generalized computing and communications environment, rather than providing any fixed application or specific capability. Such systems are not designed to solve specific problems, but to tackle a changing array of problems ESS/EIS are designed to incorporate data about external events, such as new tax laws or competitors, and also draw summarized data from internal MIS and DSS These systems filter, compress, and track critical data, emphasizing the reduction of time and effort required to obtain data useful to executive management ESS/EIS employ advanced graphics software to provide highly visual and easy-to-use representations of complex and current trends, but they tend not to provide analytical models which can be helpful in carrying out the regular tasks at the operations level. Conclusion We have come a long way from conventional planning in a development project. The reasons for this change are basically related to four conflicting factors that constitute an over-riding problem with formal planning. Large software systems have long development cycles and require extensive planning to control costs, resources, equipment and priorities, that is why organizations have to take into effect extra measures to cope with such large information systems in order to be more productive and to meet the future needs of the business. Planning is very significant as it will be the very nature of the exercise, which is suppose to seek and undertake future activities in a controlled, reasonable and effective manner. Without the effectiveness of such planning, most of the projects would go into chaos at the early stage of their formations. That is why planning has to be meaningful as the future which depicts on it should be sensible and unchanging. If there is need for changes to occur, then they should be of a limited or anticipated nature and without rapid transitions but the long term duration software projects suffer quite easily from the major, unforeseen and generally rapid changes. These are due as (among others) the development setbacks, migration of personnel, economic down-turns, strategic reversals, significantly modified the technology and systems had to be changed as the expectations which were required earlier were dramatically change due to these unforeseen circumstances. Reference and Bibliography Website: http://navismagazine.com/sample/xxi-cent-warships/degaulle.htm Bell S, Frances prestige warship all at sea, The London Times, 25.2.1999, p.20 Byte Magazine, March 1989 Personal Computer World, June 1989 Yeates D (ed), System Project Management, Pitman, 1986, Chapter 3 Bentley C, Introducing PRINCE, NCC Blackwell, 1992, p.1 Donnelly F, Plan for all seasons, Computing, 4.6.1992, p.32 Kavanagh J, Blind leading the blind into IT fog, Interface, The London Times, 6.8.1997, p.10 Gulton A, Managing the unexpected, Computer Weekly, 4.3.1999, p.30 Belford C, Integrated Business Software Systems: The Cost of Change, Executive Brief, URL Source: www.govcomp.com/executivebrief.html Date of Access 25th February 2010 Ritzman. L, Malhotra. M, 2009. Operations Management, 9th Edition, P. 31 Maylor. H, 2005. Project Management, 3rd Edition, P. 28 Peter. S, Cavanagh. R, 2001. The Six Sigma Way, P. 161

This essay describes how I have worked towards and performed four :: Drama

This essay describes how I have worked towards and performed four pieces of practical work using all three art forms. (Drama, dance, music, and a final piece that is a mixture of all three arts Performance studies This essay describes how I have worked towards and performed four pieces of practical work using all three art forms. (Drama, dance, music, and a final piece that is a mixture of all three arts). Each piece must be three minutes long and we have around two months to improvise, rehearse and perform the four pieces. We were given five ‘key words’ to follow as a sort of guide line for our pieces. There was a different set of guide lines for each art form. These consist of†¦ Music – rhythm, melody, harmony, timbre, texture. Dance – motif, action, relationships, dynamics, space. Drama – dialogue,1 characterisation, physicality, proxemics, tension. These fifteen rules do interconnect between the arts which I will explain during this essay. We started our performance studies classes by learning about and experimenting with improvisation as well as learning about the five rules for each of the arts. We then began to look for the five rules in our dance / musical / drama pieces. We experimented with the five rules in our improvised pieces and all so broke down each of the rules to find out exactly what they can cover. Now we split ourselves in to groups and began to experiment using improvisation for the final performance.2 In dance we sat as a group and planned out linking moves that used all of our five rules, and then put them together by improvising links. In drama we used improvisation to create scenes and improvised the scenes endings, and the drama in them. We also improvised characters for these parts, and once we found something that we liked we would enhance it through rehearsal and write a script. In music we used improvisation to begin to create musical pieces. We created and re-created compositions until we could find a sound that would suit the mood we were aiming3 to achieve. In the mixed piece we had to firstly sit and discuss our options and we decided to base it around a theme. Our theme was on circles and squares, creating a piece about the trapped ness of a single person, using the shapes as representatives of the person’s feelings. We did hit some problems during the creations of these pieces. In dance we had a lot of people dropping out of the coarse so our group ended up as a double act. But still we managed to capture all the five

Describe Popular Culture in Britain at the Beginning of the 1960’s

The 1950's were a conservative period. The country was recovering from the ravishes of war and many people wanted society to return to how it was in the 1930's. America was leading the way forwards however much the older generation disliked it. New music was appearing such as Elvis Presley and Cliff Richard. More consumer goods could be afforded by the middle classes creating a better standard of living. Televisions began to be purchased widely as did refrigerators and washing machines. The standard of living of the average person living in Britain rose during the 1950's. The popular catchphrase used in the 1959 election by Harold Macmillan was ‘you've never had it so good' which in my view sums up the 1950's; and by 1960 change was imminent. The culture of the 1960's reflects Britain at this time. Attitudes of many people in Britain were still very conservative entering the 1960's. However, things had begun to change for many groups in society. Women were still second class citizens but a large proportion of them had begun to work. They were paid less and did most of the manual jobs. Some male attitudes towards women still hadn't changed very much and many saw women still as ‘baby machines'. It was generally unheard of in 1960 for women to wear trousers in public, let alone to work. Many women began to demand equal rights, and by the mid to late 60's much had changed for women. In the later years of the 50's Britain saw a large influx of immigration from the Commonwealth. There were jobs available in Britain and better living conditions. By the 1960's Britain had become a multi-cultural society. The large majority of immigrants arrived from the West Indies and India. They suffered from large amounts of racism and were given the poorly paid jobs. Many did menial work and failed to buy a house for many years. It wasn't until the later 1960's that Britain became a more tolerant society. Crime was at a low in the late 1950's to 1960. Few needed to turn to crime due to the increase in wealth by the large majority of people. Capital punishment was still being used despite an increasingly large number of people turning against it. Crime was in fact at a lower rate than in today's society. Drugs were starting to be used by a certain group of people. It was not until the later 1960's when drugs became more widely used. Times were changing but the society was still very conservative with few people using drugs. Attitudes towards sexual behaviour had not yet begun to change by the early 1960's. It was still a very conservative society although in the later 1960's it became more permissive. The contraceptive pill had been discovered but was not widely used. Many women still believed that sex before marriage was a sin although this did change. Britain was still very much a class society although times were changing. The middle classes were expanding and the upper classes were starting to lose the control. Cars in the 1950's became more widely available. Ownership was rapidly increasing throughout the 50's due to the reduction in price. In 1960 the Mini was brought out alongside cars such as the bubble car made by a German company. They were advertised on television and on the radio as a necessary possession and fun. In 1959 the first motorway to be built in Britain the M1 was opened. Travelling long distances was becoming much easier and accessible for the general public. Public transport began to suffer problems due to the huge increase in cars. The steam trains effectively died out being replaced by the newer and more economical electric and diesel powered engines. Less people were using them as a method of transport and there were large cuts in the workforce. There was a new period beginning in the holiday industry. Some were still very traditional like Butlins, bed and breakfasts and other holiday camps. However with people owning cars they experienced a new found freedom. Places such as the Costa del Sol became popular with British holiday makers. Package holidays grew in popularity as did camping and caravanning holidays. The new found freedoms experience with the new transport was shown in various ways throughout culture in the 1960's. As in any period of time the media always shows how the culture was changing. Until the early 1960's the British television was dominated by the upper classes. There were only two channels, BBC and ITV with BBC 2 starting in 1965. However the television industry underwent a period of change in the early 1960's Programmes began to get shown with people from middle and working classes on. Coronation Street was first broadcast in 1960 and others soon followed. The television started to reflect the society around it and soon became the most popular activity. Dramas began to be shown like ‘Cathy Come Home' which were watched throughout Britain and had great impacts on society. Campaigning programmes also began to be broadcast for example Tonight and other news based programmes. There were more programmes for the teenage and child markets. The 6 -5 Special was first followed by Ready Steady Go. These had major impacts on the youth culture of the 1960's. During the 1950's radio was the most accessible and widely listened to form of entertainment. There were such stations as Radio 2 and 4. These were listened to by adults and children alike. However by 1960 things were changing. The teenage market had developed and they were demanding their own radio station playing their music. Many pirate radio stations set up, such as Radio Caroline. These played popular music of the time and aimed themselves to the teenage market. In the late 1960's Radio 1 was created. This was aimed at the older teenage market. The 1960's were a period of change for the music industry. Newspapers were widely read although there were less tabloids than today. These were aimed towards the adult generation and left most teenagers and young people to find out the news from the television. They were generally more serious which reflects the culture of the early 1960's. Magazines were also much more serious. Women read ‘Women's Own' and nothing else was available. Young children had many different comic books at the time, Dandy, Bunty etc. It was not until the mid to late 60's that more revolutionary magazines like Cosmopolitan were created. There were very few music or hobby orientated magazines either. The traditional British film industry was in decline in the late 1950's. Typical romances were shown along with early action films. They all contained only upper class people. By 1960 new comedies were becoming popular. A change was underway with more people with working class accents getting into the film industry. These were more popular with the general public who enjoyed being able to watch a film that they could relate to. The first person to enter the ‘new' film industry was Michael Cain, who soon became a teenage icon. The media of the early 1960's reflects the change that was occurring in British society and culture of the time. Around 1960 there were 5 million people who now classed themselves as teenagers. This had become a whole new market for companies and advertising in the late 1950's. More of these young people had more money than ever before and could afford many new products. Throughout the 1950's the influence of American culture had been great. British teenagers wanted to be like their American counterparts and have coffee bars and their own fashion and music tastes. The society was changing and the demands of the new market were met. New music in 1950 and started the revolution in youth culture. Elvis Presley was frowned upon by the older generation but the youths were fascinated by the new concept of ‘Rock and Roll'. Cliff Richard became the British teen symbol and began the British music industry. Adults however were still listening to Frank Sinatra and the Joe Loss Orchestra. They couldn't understand the new music with their sexual lyrics and movements. In 1962 the Beatles released their first record. They were still relatively unknown playing in places like the ‘Cavern' and Hamburg. New fashions were starting to become the new way to be revolutionary. Teddy Boys began to make a statement in society as did the Rockers. Many teenagers and young people in the early 1960's though, still wore their parents fashions. Boys wore short trousers and shirts whilst girls wore skirts. Fashion as everything else in the late 1950's to early 60's was still very conservative. Popular culture in the early 1960's was still much the same as it had been throughout the 50's. Although a teenage market had emerged, little had really changed by 1962. The British culture was still very conservative. However things were soon to change. The 1960's were dramatically different to the ways the older generation had grown up. America looked to Britain as the culture capital of the world. New pop groups emerged and life became ‘swinging' for many young people. The older generation still did not approve but were powerless to do anything. The early 1960's can be described best as ‘a grey period' and not as the ‘swinging sixties' which came later. Describe popular culture in Britain at the beginning of the 1960’s To many people at the time, they were the â€Å"swinging sixties†. They were a decade when fashions changed continuously and young people appeared to have more freedom then ever before. It was time that many people look back on with found memories, but which other blame for some of the failings in society. The sixties consisted of stars like Elvis Presley, Cliff Richard and Marlin Monroue which I will be mentioning in this essay as well as other stars. These stars were like the modern David Beckham, Tom Cruise and J-lo. In 1958 the National Service ended which was a huge relief for some. People in England were looking to America for their icons, but America band members or artists were not allowed to enter the country, then so people like Cliff Richard was formed. Moreover in the 1960's Britain had not yet developed its own style therefore was still in America's shadow. The traditional and cultural values in the 1950's were now about to change. These were many due to the development of TV, radio and theatre which I will be exploring in this essay. By the end of the 1950's music was still heavily influenced by America a lot of people were listening to American stars like Elvis Presley. But by the beginning of the 1960's British artists like Billy Fury, Cliff Richard and Adam Faith all s tarted to appear in the charts. Many of these British starts were producing new records but mainly basing them Elvis rock music. The British fashion was changing very rapidly and stars like Jackie Kennedy influenced them a lot. Wearing shifts and A-line dressed which had been designed in during the 1954 and 1955 were not worn until the 1960's. These gave women a new sense of freedom. Moreover the British film was not as popular as it was in America but brand new films featuring pop starts interested a lot of teenagers. There was now new British humour which people had never seen before. Radio was introduced and started showing some distinctive style. Radio shows such as â€Å"Beyond the Fringe† was a mocking comedy that criticized the way the country was run making people think more about politics. Many television programmes were brought so people watch television at home but there were only two channels BBC and ITV which could only run for about five to six hours a day. In 1960 the first episode of â€Å"Coronation Street† appeared in black and white in TV sets all over the country. Finally there was theatre which consisted of plays developed to mirror real life situations. As well as this it also helped to break down class barriers. Youth culture began to expand and grow by the late 60's rival groups such as â€Å"Mods† who drove Italian scooters instead of motorbikes were formed also girls began to wear more mini skirts whereas they were very strict. Prices generally went up as wages rose by 34% in the 1960's. In some respects it started popular music, fashion and a rise economy. Youth culture changed Britain's youth forever.In conclusion much of Britain's popular culture was a mix of American and 1950's Britain but changes were beginning to develop which would lead to a new British culture and a new era.

In William Blake’s Songs of Innocence and Songs of...

In William Blake’s Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience, many of the poems correlate in numerous aspects. For example, The Chimney Sweeper is a key poem in both collections that portrays the soul of a child The Chimney Sweeper in Innocence vs. The Chimney Sweeper in Experience In William Blake’s Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience, many of the poems correlate in numerous aspects. For example, The Chimney Sweeper is a key poem in both collections that portrays the soul of a child with both a naà ¯ve and experienced persona. Blake uses the aspects of religion, light versus dark imagery, and the usage of the chimney sweeper itself to convey the similarities and differences of the figure in both poems. The†¦show more content†¦After Tom awakes from this dream, he was â€Å"happy and warm† with the knowledge that with God, there was no need to fear death. However, in Songs of Experience, the outlook on life and death is not so joyful. The religious imagery is not so much as in Songs of Innocence, possibly because people tend to believe more religiously when innocence dominates terrible experiences. In the latter poem, however, the â€Å"little black thing† has been â€Å"clothed in the clothes of death† by his parents forcing him to become a chimney sweeper. His parents have â€Å"gone to praise God and his Priest and King, who make up a heaven of our misery† and the boy cannot understand this as he â€Å"sings the notes of woe† and not happiness. This chimney sweeper does not have the innocence and hopefulness of the chimney sweeper in Songs of Innocence. This child possesses experience of hardship and does not hold much faith in God and religion. This version of The Chimney Sweeper lacks the hopefulness and faith found in the former version although it is the same setting, factors, and occupation. William Blake conveys both innocence and experience with the literary technique of light versus dark imagery. In Songs of Innocence, Blake discusses the issue of soot on several instances. In the beginning verse, the young chimney sweeper slept in soot, showing the incorruptibility and despair of the young child. Also, Tom Dacre’s â€Å"white hair† was shaved so that the dark sootShow MoreRelatedWilliam Blake s The Tyger1132 Words   |  5 PagesWilliam Blake’s â€Å"The Tyger† and Tragedies William Blake wrote a set of poems in his collection Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience. Some of the poems in each collection were meant to be read together to show the difference between innocence and experience. Many people question why Blake wrote a two part series to his poems and what they could actually mean. Two specific poems, â€Å"The Lamb† and â€Å"The Tyger,† were meant to be read together. â€Å"The Lamb† is a part of Blake’s Songs of Innocence andRead MoreWilliam Blake in Contrast of Songs of Innocence and of Experience1452 Words   |  6 PagesEN 222-Intro to British Lit. 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