Photos, Photography, and Images - An Image is Worth a...

An Image is Worth a Million Words A picture represents a moment in history that cannot be authentically recreated. To catch an action, an image, or an emotion by film is truly a special gift and one which most people take for granted. For an image to capture a moment that simultaneously speaks for one person, a nation, and a cause is really â€Å"worth a thousand words† as Neil Postman puts it (515), even a million. It is irreplaceable by anything other than understanding, appreciation, and wonder. Three memorable photographs that embody these assets are those of five members of the British Royal Family walking behind Princess Diana’s coffin, Neil Armstrong’s first steps on the moon, and American soldiers raising the flag atop a†¦show more content†¦Yet perhaps the most moving expressions were on the faces of Princess Diana’s sons, Prince William and Prince Harry, whose beloved mother was suddenly taken from them a few short days before. It is clear that the shock seemed almost unbearable to these young boys who were now lost because the center of their world, their mother, was dead. People around the world were able to share the pain and sadness of the members of Princess Diana’s family through their expressions, unequivocally portrayed by that one photograph. Furthermore, in his article â€Å"‘By Means of the Visible’: A Picture’s Worth,† Mitchell Stephens explains what makes pictures so powerful in conveying emotion by stating, â€Å"[. . . ] words [ . . .] must work hard to tell us what a glance could about the expression on that face† (481). In addition to showing the feelings of the British Royal Family, this photograph is a symbol that shows the world that, while Princess Diana is dead physically, she will forever be alive in the memories of her people. Her impact on society will never be forgotten and neither will the courage and strength in the faces of those men that touched the hearts of so many peop le. A second memorable picture is that of Neil Armstrong’s first steps on the moon in July 1969, which is remembered as a celebrated image that represents the power, not only of America but of the whole human race, to conquer space. Surely mostShow MoreRelatedA Picture Is Worth A Thousand Words1205 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"A picture is worth a thousand words† is a phrase that is heard by many throughout the world. There are millions of moments throughout a person’s life that can be captured by photography. When one sees that picture, they are instantly taken back to that moment in time. Even if they were not part of the event, there are many thoughts that could go through a persons head while looking at a picture, hence the phrase a picture is worth a thousand words. Since the 1800s when photography came around, theRead MoreHow The Invention of the Camera Changed the World Essay1555 Words   |  7 Pagesway to get sharper, clearer images by inserting a len s made of glass into the camera’s opening. Later, fellow Italian and scientist, Girolamo Cardano, further explained Barbaro’s idea by using a biconvex lens (Cox). In 1686, Johann Zahn was a monk who described and wrote about many portable cameras that used lenses and mirrors. The box that was used could capture an image that appeared right-side up to its viewers however, people still had to trace the images that the camera produced (Cox)Read MoreWhy Photography Makes Us Feel1770 Words   |  8 PagesYuanxi Chen WTE Section 63 Prof. Lane Anderson Essay 2 Reckoning Final Essay Word Count: April 4, 2017 Final Essay: Why Photography Makes Us Feel With more than 11 million people — which is half the country’s population before war — killed or fleeing to other countries from violence, Syria’s civil war has created the worst humanitarian crisis of our time. The arguments over whether Syrian refugees should be accepted have always been fierce. While some people are keen to help these sufferingRead MoreEssay on Fsa Photography During the Great Depression930 Words   |  4 PagesI glance amusedly at the photo placed before me. The bright and smiling faces of my family stare back me, their expressions depicting complete happiness. My mind drifted back to the events of the day that the photo was taken. It was Memorial Day and so, in the spirit of tradition my large extended family had gathered at the grave of my great grandparents. The day was hot and I had begged my mother to let me join my friends at the pool. However, my mother had refused. Inconsolable, I spent most ofRead More Comparing Traditi onal Photography and Digital Imaging Essay2093 Words   |  9 PagesComparing Traditional Photography and Digital Imaging The traditional photographic process that has defined image reproduction for over 150 years involves a long drawn out series of chemical reactions beginning with the capture of light on silver film and ending with the fixing of the image onto paper or a transparency through the development processing. The final image is analog, which means it is composed of continuous gradients that are analogous to the gradients seen in the world aroundRead MoreGeorge Eastman and the Kodak Camera Essay1195 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Eastman’s improvements had the effect of moving photography from the professional’s studio, where it had evolved from the realm of portraiture and art, to the world of the general consumer,†(Carlisle 247). Photography was a difficult hobby or profession to have in the mid- 1800s. It was difficult because it needed essential pieces of equipment in order to even come out with a decent picture. Cameras were normally five by eight inches, and all the e quipment that was needed was a hassle to carry (BucklandRead MoreThe Negative Portrayal Of Celebrities1611 Words   |  7 PagesA single photograph - how it is captured, the angle in which it was shot, the context behind it - can alter the perception of reality. One image, if executed maliciously, can create such an intense pernicious effect on the individual photographed, that it can cause undue effects on their reputation, or even psychological state. Celebrities often find themselves victimized by the paparazzi in this way, and breakdowns due to a negative appearance in the spotlight have become prevalent in modern dayRead MoreThe Problem Of Advertisement, Celebrity Imaging, And Through Many Other Facets Of One s Daily Life1261 Words   |  6 Pagesmany other facets of one’s daily life. The enhancement of images supplies a altered sense of perfection and what ideal beauty truly looks like. â€Å"A technique which is the mainstay of advertisement companies, of personal p hoto-editing, and of image manipulation in general bears the overtones of a mannerist praxis carried over from the sixteenth century to the twentieth-first.† Advertising is the primary use to modified images/photoshopped images and is the backbone to this silent epidemic. AdvertisementRead MorePhotography As The Technical Side Of Photography2959 Words   |  12 PagesPhotography was only an idea before it became something tangible and memorable. 100 Ideas That Change Photography was written by Mary Warner Marien in 2011 and it is aim to help and remind people about both the artistic photography as well as the technical side of photography. This book thoroughly explains how does photography evolve throughout time and it gathers information on the most influential ideas that shaped photography from the early 19th century up to digital revolution and beyond it.Read MoreSocial Media And Its Impact On Business1641 Words   |  7 Pagesmedia reaches everyone, with 73% of males engaging with social media, and 80% of females (Platow, 2015). Social media allows a company to communicate using several of the senses to reach an extensive community. Supply chain companies can use language, images, sound and even â€Å"touch† to get customers involved. By requesting a user to click a link, scroll over here get the customer actively engaged in a social media post. Advertise blog posts, highlight latest company new, announce a new product launch,

Deforestation And Global Climate Change - 2015 Words

Human development relies on deforestation as a method to reclaim land, to cultivate more farmlands, to sell forest products and to increase economic prosperity, but with serious consequences of environmental degradation and global climate change. The country of Nepal has an alarming rate of deforestation. Due to its geographical positioning, it is in a prime position to sequester a significant amount of carbon from our atmosphere with its forests. However, like much of South Asia, Nepal has lost much of the forest that was once widespread and only 30% of the forest that covered Nepal still remains (Niraula et al. 2013). Although there are varying definitions of deforestation, this report follows the authority of the UN Food and Agriculture (FAO) defines deforestation as â€Å"forest loss where tree cover is reduced to less than 10% of the previously forested area† (CITE) †¨ Conceptual Framework This report seeks to define the causes of deforestation in Nepal based on the works of Geist and Lambin (2002), who developed a framework for understanding deforestation as resulting from broad and complex underlying causes which in turn enable or encourage the agents of deforestation who embody the direct, or proximate causes. Proximate causes of deforestation are dominantly results of human action, and can be understood as being comprised of three main categories, namely agricultural expansion, wood extraction and infrastructure extension. The factors underlying these can be divided intoShow MoreRelatedExplain Why Is Anthropogenic Activities Surrounding Deforestation The Primary Drive Of Global Climate Change839 Words   |  4 Pagesanthropogenic CO2 is the issue of today and it is the primary driver of global warming. It has significant consequence not only on the environmental but also economically. This can be viewed from several different perspectives. There is evidence to sup port both opinions on this topic it is created by natural or humans activates. So, is anthropogenic activities surrounding deforestation the primary drive of global climate change? Carbon cycle Carbon is an important part of all living things onRead MoreThe Effects Of Fossil Fuels On The Environment1734 Words   |  7 Pagesscientifically certain of is that our continued use of fossil fuels is pushing us to a point of no return, warns President Obama, â€Å"we are condemning future generations to global catastrophe.† The point of no return metaphorically represents the place in ones journey that must be continued with no alternative routes or ability to make change. In consort with President Obama, many scientists believe the point of no return could occur if significant efforts aren’t made soon. Anthropogenic (human influenced)Read MoreDeforestation: A Major Reason for Global Warming753 Words   |  3 Pages Topic: Climate Change Research question: How is deforestation a major reason for global warming? Deforestation is cutting down of trees for some purpose (furniture). It is very harmful for everybody as it causes landslides, earthquakes and many more problems†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.Deforestation is a major cause as it also causes the main problem global warming. Global warming is an increase in average temperature of earth’s atmosphere. Deforestation also helps the greenhouse gas to spread (increase).Greenhouse gasRead MoreClimate Change : Global Warming1197 Words   |  5 PagesClimate change is caused due to the release of few carbon compounds into the atmosphere, which drastically brought the weather changes all over the world. Climate change is not confined to a single region. It has become an important issue all over the world for the past few years. Reasons of global climatic change ïÆ'Ëœ Global warming is one of the major reasons in marine pollution. For an instance in year 2010 there was an oil leakage near Mumbai in Arabian Sea. ïÆ'Ëœ Another reason is deforestationRead MoreGlobal Warming And Its Effect On The Global Environment1144 Words   |  5 PagesGlobal warming has emerged as one of the most serious concerns for scientists and environmentalists in the 21st century. This is based on the negative impact of global warming, which is not limited to deforestation, drastic variations in climate, decline in output of global agricultural industry, degradation of ice sheets in Antarctic, decrease in ocean productivity, rise in sea levels, and increase in tornadoes, hurricanes and floods. The primary reason for global warming has been identified asRead MoreThe Reality Of Climate Change1579 Words   |  7 PagesChristian Mosier English-151 Dr. Archer 6 April 2017 The Reality of Climate Change Climate change is real; in fact, it s very real. Most people like to decipher the fact that global warming is nothing more than just a perpetuate myth, but if the recent weather especially in the state of New Jersey hasn t told you anything, the weather can be extremely bipolar at times. One day it s sixty degrees Fahrenheit, and the day after its thirty degrees with heavy snow crashing to theRead MoreDeforestation Is A World Without Trees?1486 Words   |  6 PagesCould you imagine a world without trees? Deforestation is one of the leading causes of environmental catastrophes, loss of biodiversity, climate change and soil erosion. â€Å"Over half of the world’s rainforests have been destroyed in the last 10,000 years or so,† according to the World Wild Life Fund (WWF). The majority of this loss has happened in the last 50 years, occurring simultaneously with a massive increase in the human population. Deforestation is hurting our earth, and therefore, we must demandRead MoreHuman Activity Is Responsible For Our Current Warming Trend1598 Words   |  7 PagesThe biggest problem with climate change today is the debate on whether or not human activity is responsible for our current warming trend. According to Jonathon Schuldt (2014:219), around 99.7% of climatologists agree that man-made climate change is a reality, while only 40% of Americans believe that humans are the main driver. This is because we live in societies in which, thanks largely to the internet, everyone is free to express an opinion. On the issue of climate change, we have tons of sitesRead MoreThe Increase Of Gross Domestic Product899 Words   |  4 Pagesdiminish the climate change and inspire other countries to take action too. New research shows that if present trends continue, the total cost of global warming will be as high as 3.6 percent of gross domestic product (GDP). The impacts of global warming will come with price approximately of $1.9 trillion annually by 2100. Current projections of the earth s surface - data from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) - will continue to rise on this 21st century; the global mean surfaceRead MoreGlobal Warming And Climate Change1398 Words   |  6 Pages Global warming and climate change have been frequent topics of discussion over the past several years. Although people tend to focus on the politics, it is important to look past the media aspects of it into the cold hard facts of what our Earth is currently experiencing, and what has caused it in the first place. The cause of climate change includes natural causes, but human causes are what is generating such a rapid global temperature change. It’s time that the ways in which humanity affects

Acquired diabetes insipidus Essay Example For Students

Acquired diabetes insipidus Essay Acquired NDI Acquired NDI is the consequence of several conditions (Table 2) that are characterized by an increased water output and reduced urine osmolality, despite elevated levels of AVP. In many of these conditions, the kidney is unable to handle water due to an impaired responsiveness to vasopressin. As discussed below, a number of rat models with NDI have been evaluated, and common for all is a reduced expression of AQP2 in the principal cells of the collecting ducts. However, as is discussed, the degree of AQP2 downregulation as well as the intracellular localization of the protein differs significantly among the various conditions, suggesting that different mechanisms are responsible for AQP2 dysregulation in the various models. In addition to DI, a few other serious conditions are associated with reduced AQP2 levels and urinary concentrating defects (see Table 2). 1. Lithium-induced NDI Lithium administration is a very common treatment of manic-depressive disease. It is estimated that 1 in 1,000 of the population receive lithium, and roughly 20-30% of these develop serious side effects including polyuria (16, 39) primarily due to a vasopressin-resistant urinary-concentrating defect, i.e., NDI. We examined the effect of oral lithium treatment of rats for 25 days. AQP2 and AQP3 levels were progressively reduced to 5% of levels in control rats after 25 days of lithium treatment (129, 149). The downregulation of AQP2 expression was paralleled by a progressive development of severe polyuria. With serum lithium levels in the therapeutic range, rats produced a daily urine output that matched their own weight (149). In addition, quantitative immunoelectron microscopy of AQP2 labeling in the IMCD principal cells showed that there was a reduction in AQP2 in the apical plasma membrane, as well as in the basolateral plasma membrane and intracellular vesicles. Thus reduction of AQP2 in both the apical and the basolateral plasma membrane may participate in the overall reduced water reabsorption (149). The reduced AQP3 expression was also confirmed by immunocytochemistry (129). Thus downregulation of both AQP2 and AQP3 appears to play a significant role in the development of lithium-induced polyuria. The reduction in AQP2 (and AQP3) expression may be caused by a lithium-induced impairment in the production of cAMP in collecting duct principal cells (38, 39), indicating that inhibition of cAMP production may in part be responsible for the reduction in AQP2 expression as well as the inhibition of targeting to the plasma membrane in response to lithium treatment. This is consistent with the presence of a cAMP-responsive element in the 5-untranslated region of the AQP2 gene (92, 156) and with the recent demonstration that mice with inherently low cAMP levels have low expression of AQP2 (DI +/+). There was a very slow recovery in AQP2 expression and restoration of urinary concentration after cessation of lithium treatment (149) consistent with clinical findings. However, treatment of lithium-diuretic rats with high doses of the specific V2-receptor agonist dDAV P was able to cause efficient delivery of AQP2 to the apical plasma membrane (a greater fraction of total AQP2 was found in the membrane than seen in control animals), but there was only a modest increase in AQP2 expression relative to animals treated with lithium alone. On the contrary, thirsting of the rats for 2 days resulted in a much larger increase in AQP2 protein levels, but little targeting to the apical plasma membrane (a lot of AQP2 was found in intracellular domains, i. e., intracellular vesicles). Consequently, this study showed that thirsting was a more potent stimulus for AQP2 expression than dDAVP administration in the present model and provided evidence for the presence of a vasopressin-independent regulation of AQP2 expression levels. The existence of such a signal transduction pathway has recently gained support (58). Similar to the slow recovery of urinary concentration inability seen in patients who have been on lithium treatment, lithium-treated rats also showed a slow recovery. The suppression of AQP2 levels was parallelled by a persistent urinary concentrating defect after removal of lithium from the diet (149). .u8b361a160348b55af9897e4cb0cd7e8d , .u8b361a160348b55af9897e4cb0cd7e8d .postImageUrl , .u8b361a160348b55af9897e4cb0cd7e8d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u8b361a160348b55af9897e4cb0cd7e8d , .u8b361a160348b55af9897e4cb0cd7e8d:hover , .u8b361a160348b55af9897e4cb0cd7e8d:visited , .u8b361a160348b55af9897e4cb0cd7e8d:active { border:0!important; } .u8b361a160348b55af9897e4cb0cd7e8d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u8b361a160348b55af9897e4cb0cd7e8d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u8b361a160348b55af9897e4cb0cd7e8d:active , .u8b361a160348b55af9897e4cb0cd7e8d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u8b361a160348b55af9897e4cb0cd7e8d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u8b361a160348b55af9897e4cb0cd7e8d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u8b361a160348b55af9897e4cb0cd7e8d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u8b361a160348b55af9897e4cb0cd7e8d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8b361a160348b55af9897e4cb0cd7e8d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u8b361a160348b55af9897e4cb0cd7e8d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u8b361a160348b55af9897e4cb0cd7e8d .u8b361a160348b55af9897e4cb0cd7e8d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u8b361a160348b55af9897e4cb0cd7e8d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Importance Of Friendship Essay 2. Electrolyte disturbances associated with NDI It is known that both hypokalemia and hypercalcemia, clinically important electrolyte abnormalities, are associated with polyuria due to a vasopressin-resistant urinary concentrating defect. However, recently, at least part of the underlying molecular defects involved in the development .

Superman and Me free essay sample

In the article â€Å"Superman and Me†, Sherman Alexie gives a biography of his life as a poor Indian boy who successfully self-educated himself through literature. Through the medium of past experiences as a minority with a strong hunger for learning, Alexie reminds everyone of the potential for an individual to overcome adversity through perseverance and diligence. With an informal tone pervading throughout his article, Alexie aims considerably at non-Indian children, hoping to give initiative on the power and importance of education for minority students like him. Despite being characterized as a minority in the past, he was able to break away of stereotypes on society as a result of his race. Ultimately his ability to erase conventional beliefs on the ethics of Indian children allows Sherman Alexie to successfully portray such a notion. By using alliteration, Alexie prosperously emphasizes his ability to overcome hardship and stereotypical barriers by mentioning his self triumph and then linking it back to his teaching career in the future. We will write a custom essay sample on Superman and Me or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Alexie proclaimed that â€Å"[He] was smart. [He] was arrogant. [He] was lucky,† ultimately proclaiming that despite being pitied by non-Indians for being different from other students, he refused to give up on his passion for learning, and found reading as a habitual hobby of his. Note that he specifies his characteristics in a particular order putting â€Å"smart† as his first, because he first begins his narrative telling the audience that he was a child prodigy who was able to self-teach himself literature and reading comprehension through actions and visuals. He then goes on to being â€Å"arrogant† since he chose to be aloof from other students by being a â€Å"smart Indian,† after realizing his prodigy-like mentality. In the beginning he also mentions these statements in the past tense, then ending his article by saying the same statements in the present tense, exemplifying two different purposes to his statements. In his first statements, he uses the three sentences to proclaim his ability to break away from stereotypes a child of Indian heritage. In the last paragraph, however, Sherman uses these statements differently, professing his future initiative in teaching and believing he is smart, arrogant, and lucky for sharing his knowledge to the younger individuals. By doing so, Alexie is able to successfully portray his two successful triumphs by using the same statement in a different meaning. The purpose of Superman was not solely as a stepping stone to Sherman’s prosperous reading in writing, in that the figure of Superman also implies to the author as that of a superhero figure. In the beginning, Sherman notes that â€Å"Superman is breaking down the door,† and in the end, he mentions himself â€Å"throw[ing] [his] weight against their locked door. The door holds.† Notice that the author specifically used the action of â€Å"breaking† and throwing his weight onto the door rather than opening or leaning on the door, since Sherman is attempting to exemplify the ability of Superman to break down Sherman’s door of illiteracy. In the end, Sherman notes that he leans his weight against a locked door at a school setting, ultimately linking his action back to that of Superman. Therefore, he was actually describing himself as the superhero who was able to fight off the villain of adversity and break away from the stereotypes that a villain (illiteracy, in this case) was overpowering. Ultimately, his description of Superman breaking down the door and he leaning against a door, exemplifies that Superman is also Sherman.

What Are Restrictive and Nonrestrictive Adjective Clauses

What Are Restrictive and Nonrestrictive Adjective Clauses An adjective clause functions almost exactly like a solo adjective, to modify a noun. Adjectival clauses  are dependent clauses, and usually begin with a relative pronoun (which, that, who, whom  or whose) or a relative adverb (where, when, and why).   There are two main types of  adjectival  clauses: nonrestrictive and restrictive. Heres a little bit about how to distinguish between the two.   Nonrestrictive Adjective Clauses An adjective clause set off from the main clause by commas is said to be nonrestrictive. Heres an example: Old Professor Legree, who dresses like a teenager, is going through his second childhood. This who clause is nonrestrictive because the information in the clause doesnt restrict or limit the noun it modifies ( Old Professor Legree). The commas signify that the adjective clause provides added, not essential, information. Restrictive Adjective Clauses On the other hand, an adjective clause that is restrictive should not be set off by commas. An older person who dresses like a teenager is often an object of ridicule. Here, the adjective clause restricts or limits the meaning of the noun it modifies ( An older person). A restrictive adjective clause is not set off by commas. So to review, here are the basic rules. An adjective clause that can be omitted from a sentence without affecting the basic meaning of the sentence should be set off by commas and is nonrestrictive. An adjective clause that cannot be omitted from a sentence without affecting the basic meaning of the sentence should not be set off by commas and is restrictive Practice Identifying Restrictive and Nonrestrictive Clauses For each sentence below, decide if the adjective clause (in bold) is restrictive or nonrestrictive. When youre done, check your answers at the bottom of the page. Students who have young children are invited to use the free daycare center.I left my son at the campus daycare center, which is free to all full-time students.John Wayne, who appeared in over 200 movies, was the biggest box-office attraction of his time.I refuse to live in any house that Jack built.Merdine, who was born in a boxcar somewhere in Arkansas, grows homesick every time she hears the wail of a train whistle.My new running shoes, which cost more than a hundred dollars, fell apart during the marathon.I lent some money to Earl, whose house was destroyed in the flood.The thing that impresses me the most about America is the way parents obey their children.A physician who smokes and overeats has no right to criticize the personal habits of his patients.The beer that made Milwaukee famous has made a loser out of me. Answers RestrictiveNonrestrictiveNonrestrictiveRestrictiveNonrestrictiveNonrestrictiveNonrestrictiveRestrictiveRestrictiveRestrictive

Improve Your Writing Income with These Five Golden Options

Improve Your Writing Income with These Five Golden Options If you dabble in anything writing, you know it shares a similarity  to any ordinary business seasons. Businesses experience boom or recession;  writers experience feast or famine. To escape this cycle, writers capitalize in two ways: finding retainer clients and collecting a plethora of clients. But do you know there are other options that can help beat the challenges of seasons? Here are six alternative revenue sources to engage in as a writer. 1. Social media management Social media management may involve writing social media teasers to jazz up social content. It is also about managing/moderating social media groups or pages through writing or sharing social posts, commenting, and interacting with the audience for clients with a large social following. Have an idea/expertise on how to run a social media page successfully or how to deal with influencers? Share your credentials on  Social Media Manager Pro Directory,  AngelList,  Indeed, or  LinkedIn  to find assignments suitable with this skill set. 2. Content pruning/editing/author website manager Content pruning seeks to eliminate or update non-performing content and duplicated pieces that have lost meaning or weigh  down a site. The aim is to improve a sites health, search, and SEO ranking. Website managers write the metadata for webpages and blog entries: writing subject lines/ headlines, uploading pieces to CMS, providing quality, licensed images and videos, and engaging blog readers They also edit ebooks, webinar, courses, novels, manuscripts, and articles submitted To land assignments of these types, check out  Reedsy,  Scribophile,  Scribendi,  Servicescape, and  Book-Editing.com. Other places to find editorial appointments are on professional editorial directories like  Society for Editors and Proofreaders  (SfEP) and  Editorial Freelancers Association  (EFA). 3. Email writing and marketing campaign Email writing is yet another avenue you can explore, separate from article writing. With its low barrier to entry, email marketing/writing generates a higher ROI compared to article writing while remaining as the best method to promote solutions to an audience. Places to find email writing assignments are  Reedsy,  Indeed,  LinkedIn, and  ZipRecruiter. 4. Writing contests, personal essays and poetry Many freelance writers never think of adding writing contest or poems to  their portfolios. To find yearly writing contest and poems, visit  Sapiens Plurum,  The Smart Set,  32poems,  The  Poetry Foundation,  Rattle,  American Poetry Review,  The New Yorker, and  The Paris Review. For short stories, you can view guidelines at  StoryMagazine.org,  The Atlantic,  The New Yorker, and  The Threepenny Review. 5. Writing a

Public Relations, Publicity and Corporate Advertisement Term Paper

Public Relations, Publicity and Corporate Advertisement - Term Paper Example Others may request for more time to think about it. During product promotion, it is the duty of a salesperson to promote the products. The salesperson will employ various methods of promoting the products. These methods may include creating of trade shows that will demonstrate the product to attract distributors. They may also visit retailers to persuade them to stock their products. The salespeople will use all means to force the products into the market. The salespeople will also take charge of the presentation. They will talk about the product and give every detail concerning the product. During the presentation, the salesperson will convince the customers of the goodness of the product. Salesperson skills are required maximally during this phase. A salesperson is then required to propose the product to the consumer. He will inform them of the cost and the payment terms. The salesperson’s skills are required in convincing the customer that the cost stated is fit for the product. Objections usually arise, and therefore a salesperson is required in overcoming these objections. The objections that arise usually revolve around time and money. The customers do the request for time, to go and assess other alternative products. It will need a salesperson to convince them otherwise. Arguments about money are common since they do advocate for the price reduction. These reductions may come to a point that the business doesn’t make the profit. A salesperson is required during the negotiations to ensure that the products are purchased at the satisfaction of both parties. As also explained above, some customers accept the product, usually after a battle. During this battle, a salesperson is required to convince the customer to a point where he accepts the product. (Champy 2010) As a sales professional, a lot is expected for the ability and sales performance to exceed one's quota or higher personal goals that one has set for him.  Ã‚  

Writing skills Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Writing skills - Essay Example I stand to be corrected. Like my previous writing essays, corrections were made to enhance one’s awareness of weaknesses and thus gives the writer a chance for improvement. As I now remunerate on the writing skills that were developed during the course, I was amazed to discover that there were remarkable improvements in all lot of aspects. I was more aware of grammatical rules, correct punctuations, word choices and the most crucial rules for citations and referencing. My previous apprehensions and fear in compositions were diminished as I became more confident in complying with writing requirements. I learned that like any academic endeavors, I need to make the necessary preparations, research, drafts, on the subject that needs to be focused on. Of course, there is crucial relevance in determining the audience for which the written work is supposed to be used. Finally, the sources of information for the essay could be overwhelming that I learned to streamline and determine wh ich are most significant in terms of screening authoritative information and those that could appropriately validate the credibility of the source. Most of all, I learned that writing is a skill that could be continually developed through constant practice.

Environmental Impacts of Aviation Essay Example for Free

Environmental Impacts of Aviation Essay Noise is said to have a variety of definitions. For people who are inclined towards acoustics, noise is identified as a complex form of sound waves that have irregular vibrations and has no known pitch. In the field of engineering, noise is considered as a signal that interferes with the detection and quality identification of another signal. However, for psychoacoustic studies which are focused on the study of human response to sound, noise is deemed as an unwanted form of sound (American Speech-Language-Hearing Association [ASHA], 2008). According to K. D. Kryter (1996), noise is an enhanced form of sound signals that post a negative effect in the physiological and psychological aspect of an individual (Kryter, 1996 cited in ASHA, 2008). For the most part, noise is something that could be identified as an unwanted sound which is a pollutant and a hazard to the health of human beings (ASHA, 2008). Noise can be derived from a variety of contributors, and such noises have their own levels that are detrimental to the hearing of an individual. Noise levels are measured in decibels. Sounds that are louder than 80 decibels are considered to be hazardous. One of the leading sources of potentially hazardous noise is the airport. Noises from airports could come from constructions and operating machines. However, the major contributor for airport noise is caused by the aircrafts. There are two ways on how aircraft noises are generated. First, airframe noise appears whenever air passes through the fuselage or body and wings of the plane. The activity causes friction and turbulence which often result in the production of unwanted sound. Gliders which are planes without engines produce noise during its flights. Second, engine noise is derived from the action of the moving parts of the aircraft’s engine. Such noise is also produced whenever the sound of air passes through the engines during high speed. Engine noise mainly comes from the plane’s exhaust or the jet situated behind the engine whenever the air sound from the engine combines with the air surrounding it (Wellington Airport, 2008). Based from the study carried out by Daniel Nunez (1998), airplane noise poses disturbance in the human sleep more than any other forms of noises. It was also indicated that more than 50% of the people residing near airports are awakened by airplane noise (Holland-Wegman, 1967 cited in Nunez, 1998). The onset of aircraft noise as a major problem began during the time when there is an upsurge in the need of air transportation after World War Two. By the end of 1950’s, the introduction of jet planes became widely known which later on catapulted the â€Å"aviation revolution† where commercial air passengers were also introduced (Nunez, 1998). The augmentation in the aircraft use also resulted in the increase in the noise level produced by air transportations. Because of the outstanding length of service and success of aircraft operations, airports gradually become larger and noisier. The attractive activities of airports also began to grab the attention of people, wherein surrounding communities started to spread all throughout the nearby areas. The more airports become bigger and nosier, the more residential structures, churches, and schools come closer to the area. Eventually, conflicting issues arise. Aside from the land expansion of airports which often cause nearby residents to act defensively, noise is also regarded as an issue that is very much integrated with airport operations (Bachman, 2003). As such, the painful sound from aircraft take offs and landings were viewed as the primary reasons of annoyance by the residents living near the area. From then on, airport noise has become a complex psychophysiological and economic issue (Nunez, 1998). The issues regarding aircraft noise are said to be complicated because of the aviation industry’s significance in the economy of developing countries. Without the presence of the aviation industry various economic industries would be gravely affected, some of which include the tourism business and mail transportation (Nunez, 1998). Many airports have spent large amounts of money in order to provide sound insulation for residential buildings and community owned structures to reduce aircraft noise (Bachman, 2003). One of the airports that have reached an agreement regarding their noise issue with the people in the surrounding community is the Wellington International Airport Limited (WIAL) situated in New Zealand. WIAL was constituted as a legal corporation on October 16, 1990. The aviation company is partly owned by the Wellington City Council which shares 34% of the total stocks, while the other 66% are owned by Infratil Limited. Wellington International Airport is known as the third largest airport in New Zealand and is classified as a regional hub that extends its international flight service not only in New Zealand but also to the Eastern part of Australia and the neighboring island countries in the south-west Pacific. Almost 90% of the passengers of WIAL travel domestically and majority of whom are business people (Ministry of Economic Development [MED], 2005). As it was said, no other cities in the world have an airport location that could be compared to Wellington International Airport. WIAL is situated on a narrow strip of land in the center of the residential areas. The airport is just minutes away towards the capital’s centre. It is also accessible through a short coastal scenic drive or passing through the tunnel at Mount Victoria. Although the location of the airport is said to be unique, the airport is faced with substantial challenges in terms of its environmental impact, specifically the aircraft noise. The location of Wellington International Airport which is close to the residential area became a ground for the residents to organize the Residents Airport Noise Action Group, the noise abatement requirement, as well as different actions from the internal operations of the airport in order to decrease the noise pollution (Wellington Airport, 2008). Residents Airport Noise Action Group In 1963, Maxine Harris first moved into her home at Strathmore which is near Wellington International Airport. Five years after, Harris reported that the jet noise began. According to documents, Harris and her neighbors were not at all bothered by the jet noise. However by 1980’s, Harris and her neighbors started hearing the night-time acceleration of the airplane engines of National Airways. Harris even noted that they heard the revving of the airplane engines that sounded like a high-pitched whining that would wake her up in the middle of the night and would not allow her to get back to sleep. Harris complained about the noise issue, but an airport official told her that no other individual complained about the noise. Harris talked to her other neighbor about the issue and her neighbor told her that he had also complained, yet the airport official also told him that no other person called the airport to complain. Both Harris and her neighbor responded to the issue by putting leaflets in the mailboxes of their neighbors. The leaflet called for the other residents to phone the airport whenever they were disturbed by the aircraft noise (Samson, 1997a). Because of this, the neighbors responded well, and in 1986, the Residents Airport Noise Action Group was established. The group was focused on performing two tasks: to halt the engine testing at night and to lessen the noise produced by the 737’s. It was in 1986 when the group had their first meeting with the city council. During that time, they have voiced their complaints regarding the noise issue. Their first attempt became successful after the city passed the first by-law which is focused on the engine-testing. The by-law limits the testing times of the National Airways Friendship fleet. However, subsequent efforts of the group were not as successful as their first attempt. The noise problem of the Boeing 737’s still remains (Samson, 1997a). In 1987, the Ansett Airlines became a part of the internal air service market. In return, Air New Zealand has to expand their operations. It was stated that the residents regarded 1987 as the year of â€Å"big explosion† because of the noise produced by the aircrafts. In response to the growing issue of the airport noise, the residents put forward a proposal, stating that all the 737’s should be phased out in 1997. Three months after the proposal was passed, Ansett acknowledged the residents’ plea by replacing the fleets with whisper jets that are much quieter compared to the 737’s. On the other hand, the city council framed a proposed by-law that would have ordered the Air New Zealand to reduce its fleet on a stage by stage process. However, the propose by-law did not take in effect (Samson, 1997a). By 1992, Air New Zealand promised that by the following year seven of their Boeing 737-200’s would have devices that would reduce noise known as hush kits and other fleets would be phased out and will be replaced by 737-300’s. However, the residents did not agree with this. Arguments were once again raised that have even reached the select committees of the parliament, yet the resolutions were unidentifiable (Samson, 1997, p. 19a). As a response to the noise issue that has been gaining public interest, the city council put forth a proposed district plan, but the residents opposed to it. However, in order to resolve the issue, environment court judge Shonagh Kenderdine ruled out in August of 1997 that the airport and the airlines should adhere to the strict rules as proposed by the district plan regarding the air noise boundary wherein a specific maximum noise level will be set. Furthermore, the noise boundary would later on be dissolved if there is an improvement with the airport and airlines noise management. Other regulations that were included in the ruling involve the night curfew, engine-testing, ground noise control, and land-use. The first three issues being disputed were already progressive after the issues were ruled out. The last dispute which was focused on the land use was not settled until November of 1997 (Samson, 1997a). As a follow up to the court ruling done on August of 1997, in order to end the ten-year fight regarding the acceptable noise level in Wellington area, and to finally conclude the last remaining area of dispute which was focused on the land use, Judge Shonagh Kenderdine ended the noise issue on November 20, 1997. The major players during the court case involved the Residents airport noise action group, the board of airline representatives, the Wellington city council, and the Wellington international airport. It was stipulated in the ruling that: â€Å"All new housing developments within the airport’s air-noise boundary would be deemed unrestricted discretionary activity† (Samson, 1997b, p. 3). Under the said ruling, any individuals who are interested to build residential structures within the surrounding airport area and all the application permits have to be approved by the Wellington City Council. Therefore, the council has the right to refuse or consent the details of the application depending on the criteria that are still to be set by the district plan (Samson, 1997b). Despite the criteria being on the process of completion, the interested party should be governed by the assessments set in the ruling wherein new homes that will be built within the airports air-noise boundary should use construction materials that could pass the standards of noise reductions. Such materials include: thicker gib boarding, double or thicker window glazing, and the installation of noise insulations. The ruling also required the city council to implement stricter rules regarding the development of new housings compared to the original proposition of the district plan (Samson, 1997b).

Prison Procedure, :: essays research papers

In dealing with Prison Procedure, I feel that many things are put into perspective all the way from intake to the release of an inmate back into the community or until they have served their sentence and their time is up. Everything in a prison must be on close watch. The workers should be watched just as well as the inmates. All the prisons procedures should be followed under a very strict manner to ensure that the prison functions properly and effectively.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Prison procedure should be very strict in every aspect pertaining to the institution. From the intake, the guards should evaluate every inmate entering the facility and then place them accordingly. There are many different things to look at when considering the placement of an inmate. The age and the nature of the offense are some key ones, also their race. All entering inmates must have full cavity searches prior to being placed in a cell; this is for guard and inmate safety purposes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In running the prison the prison should be well advanced and should have only skilled and trained workers working under the institution. There should be no excuse for not knowing the proper prison procedures and rules. Punishment should be inflicted on those who don’t abide be them, for both the workers and the inmates.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In considering the proper procedure you should think about the inmate’s life, and how to control them. There are many things that can be done to maintain a controllable environment for an institution. Treating the inmates fair and just is one way to not get over emotional inmates that might cause a problem. Another way is providing work opportunities and other recreational activities to keep the inmates busy and to help pass the time.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The inmates should undergo regular room inspections to inspect for any items or belongings that the prison feels is a threat and that the inmate should not be allowed to have, like any illegal substances or drugs and also weapons or any item that could be used as a weapon should be seized. They should also undergo regular evaluations to see if they have improved while being in prison, and if they will be ready to return to the community when they are granted release.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The inmate’s health and nutrition is an important part in running a prison. The inmates should be fed properly, and also their emotional status should not be ignored, and it should be taken into account.

American Book Company Essay

A public school system must tap its teachers in revealing the test results with the parents of their students and the community where they belong. The teachers of the public schools must be held responsible for sharing the test results of the children and explaining their implications. The more likely case is that the teachers are the ones who made and conducted the examinations so they are at a more advantageous position to give assessments of the results and give recommendations to the children’s parents. They will be more able to explain what might have been the factors that led to those test results. They can elaborate to the parents the learning development of their children and what they can personally contribute to aid the learning of the children. The test results will likewise indicate the rate of success of the curriculum being implemented. High test results likely mean that the objectives of the curriculum are being met and their execution is being made exceptionally. On the contrary, low test results will make the school administrators think about the over-all design of the curriculum and its implementation. The result of the tests will also provide hints on the kind of tinkering or adjustments that need to be done to the curriculum to make it a better one and more compatible to the needs of the learners. Question no. 2: One of the evaluative measures that is often used to assess the effectiveness of a program or curriculum is one that is centered on the achievement of the subject matters and the visible reactions of the learners towards the lessons incorporated in the program. The first factor is the extent by which the subject matters are made comprehensible and presented to the learners. This is because most of the tests given by the teachers put much stress to the knowledge gained about the subject matter. This idea promotes the students’ memorization and habit-formation. They must fully imbibe every lesson and incorporate them in their everyday routines – their habits. The learners must be able to reflect their learning by always being able to readily state the contents of every lesson and apply each principle in everything they do. The second factor is centered on the emotional reaction of the learners – the persons who are the most direct recipients of the program’s applications. This factor can be measured by looking at the way learners behave while being taught and while undergoing the evaluative measures. If the learners display favorable responses – if they participate actively during lessons, do not get bored while listening to the teacher’s features and radiate confidence after every session – the program may be said to have fulfilled its aims. If the learners display the opposite of the aforementioned behaviors, the program may need some modifications. References: Caswell, Hollis Leland. (1935). Curriculum development. New York, Cincinnati: American Book Company. Stevens, Marion Paine. (1931). The activities curriculum in the primary grades. Boston and New York : D. C. Heath and Company.

Cakewalk

The nineteenth century was brought by a great emergence of music that would change history. In the late 1980’s a change in rhythm evolved in playing piano music. Ragtime piano was introduced as a new popular way to play the piano fast and shallow. The measures were used to sixteen beats just like European counterparts although the music was said to be the â€Å"afro-American† version of the polka. In this thought the stereotype is drawn as â€Å"ragtime† being associated with African American people.Based on the beats in the music which produced a sousa style march, ragtime became the melody used to perform the cakewalk dance. In this article the description of the cake walk is â€Å"an Afro-American dance initially based on an elegant, stylized parody of southern white courtly manners†, the dance is stereotyped as being made for one group of people, and that being African Americans. The first African American composer to produce ragtime music was Tom Turp in which also brought along singers to become the voice of this musical form of ragtime.Following the sensation of this music, the cakewalk was always performed which then opened doors for other types of dances and songs later known as jazz. The article â€Å"Cake Walk, Shimmy, and the Charleston† the descriptions emphasis how dances performed by African American women brought unity among white and black audiences. Dancers were referred to as â€Å"Babylon girls† who expressed a positive way in which African American women were being recognized for their gender and race. They expressed themselves in these musical forms to show black freedom and feel a part of popular music.The stereotype made in this article was based upon the sexuality presented in the cakewalk dance by African American women. Many described them as to be â€Å"sexually frank and opinionated, to be figures of independence. † In reality the African American women were just a generation removed f rom slavery in which they had to deal with stereotypes from both from white people about their sexuality and black people about black repression for respectability. Dancing just allowed them to celebrate their freedom and express themselves freely.This era of dancing and music in the late 1800’s and early 1900’s helped bring European styled music mixed with African American rhythm to beginning the jazz era to come. The picture on the sheet music doesn’t show any negative criticism. In the imagery women and men are dressed very nicely with tall top hats and long dresses. Perhaps the women are dressed more conservative than normal women that dress in shorter dresses. The men show very wide and large lips probably indicating an African American race.

Racial Formation - Definition and Overview

Racial Formation - Definition and Overview Racial formation is the process, resulting from the interplay between social structure and everyday life, through which the meaning of race and racial categories are agreed upon and argued over. The concept comes form racial formation theory, a sociological theory  that focuses on the connections between how race shapes and is shaped by  social structure, and how racial categories are represented and given meaning in imagery, media, language, ideas, and everyday common sense. Racial formation theory frames the meaning of race as rooted in context and history, and thus as something that changes over time. Omi and Winants Racial Formation Theory In their book Racial Formation in the United States,  sociologists Michael Omi and Howard Winant define racial formation as â€Å"...the sociohistorical process by which racial categories are created, inhabited, transformed, and destroyed,† and explain that this process is accomplished by â€Å"historically situated projects in which human bodies and social structures are represented and organized.† â€Å"Projects,† here, refers to a representation of race that situates it in social structure. A racial project can take the form of common sense assumptions about racial groups, about whether or not race is significant in today’s society, or narratives and images that depict race and racial categories through mass media, for example. These situate race within social structure by, for instance, justifying why some people have less wealth or make more money than others on the basis of race, or, by pointing out that racism is alive and well, and that it impact s people’s experiences in society. Thus, Omi and Winant see the process of racial formation as directly and deeply connected to how â€Å"society is organized and ruled.† In this sense, race and the process of racial formation have important political and economic implications. Racial Formation is Composed of Racial Projects Central to their theory is the fact that race is used to signify differences amongst people, via racial projects, and that how these differences are signified connects to the organization of society. In the context of the U.S. society, the concept of race is used to signify physical differences amongst people but is also used to signify actual and perceived cultural, economic, and behavioral differences. By framing racial formation this way, Omi and Winant illustrate that because the way we understand, describe, and represent race is connected to how society is organized, then even our common sense understandings of race can have real and significant political and economic consequences for things like access to rights and resources.Their theory frames the relationship between racial projects and social structure as dialectical, meaning that the relationship between the two goes in both directions, and that change in one necessarily causes change in  the other. So, the outcomes of a racialized social structure- differentials in wealth, income, and assets on the basis of race, for example- shape what we believe to be true about racial categories. We then use race as a sort of shorthand to provide a set of assumptions about a person, which in turn shapes our expectations for a person’s behavior, beliefs, worldviews, and even intelligence. The ideas we develop about race then act back on the social structure in various political and economic ways. While some racial projects might be benign, progressive, or anti-racist, many are racist. Racial projects which represent certain racial groups as less than or deviant impact the structure of society by excluding some from employment opportunities, political office, educational opportunities, and subject some to police harassment, and  higher rates of arrest, conviction, and incarceration. The Changeable Nature of Race Because the ever-unfolding process of racial formation is one carried out by racial projects, Omi and Winant point out that we all exist among and within them, and they inside of us. This means that we are constantly experiencing the ideological force of race in our everyday lives, and what we do and think in our everyday lives has an impact on social structure. This also means that we as individuals have the power to change the racialized social structure and eradicate racism by changing the way we represent, think about, talk about, and act in response to race.

Why the Formation of Ionic Compounds Is Exothermic

Why the Formation of Ionic Compounds Is Exothermic Have you ever wondered why the formation of ionic compounds is exothermic? The quick answer is that the resulting ionic compound is more stable than the ions that formed it. The extra energy from the ions is released as heat when ionic bonds form. When more heat is released from a reaction than is needed for it to happen, the reaction is exothermic. Understand the Energy of Ionic Bonding Ionic bonds form between two atoms with a large electronegativity difference between each other. Typically, this is a reaction between metals and nonmetals. The atoms are so reactive because they do not have complete valence electron shells. In this type of bond, an electron from one atom is essentially donated to the other atom to fill its valence electron shell. The atom that loses its electron in the bond becomes more stable because donating the electron results in either a filled or half-filled valence shell.  The initial instability is so great for the alkali metals and alkaline earths that very little energy is required to remove the outer electron (or 2, for the alkaline earths) to form cations. The halogens, on the other hand, readily accept the electrons to form anions. While the anions are more stable than the atoms, its even better if the two types of elements can get together to solve their energy problem. This is where ionic bonding occurs. To really understand whats going on, consider the formation of sodium chloride (table salt) from sodium and chlorine. If you take sodium metal and chlorine gas, salt forms in a spectacularly exothermic reaction (as in, dont try this at home). The balanced ionic chemical equation is: 2 Na (s) Cl2 (g) → 2 NaCl (s) NaCl exists as a crystal lattice of sodium and chlorine ions, where the extra electron from a sodium atom fills in the hole needed to complete a chlorine atoms outer electron shell. Now, each atom has a complete octet of electrons. From an energy standpoint, this is a highly stable configuration. Examining the reaction more closely, you might get confused because: The loss of an electron from an element is always endothermic (because energy is needed to remove the electron from the atom. Na → Na 1 e- ΔH 496 kJ/mol While the gain of an electron by a nonmetal is usually exothermic (energy is released when the nonmetal gains a full octet). Cl 1 e- → Cl- ΔH -349 kJ/mol So, if you simply do the math, you can see forming NaCl from sodium and chlorine actually requires the addition of 147 kJ/mol in order to turn the atoms into reactive ions. Yet we know from observing the reaction, net energy is released. Whats happening? The answer is that the extra energy that makes the reaction exothermic is the lattice energy. The difference in the electrical charge between the sodium and chlorine ions causes them to be attracted to each other and move toward one another. Eventually, the oppositely charged ions form an ionic bond with each other. The most stable arrangement of all the ions is a crystal lattice. To break the NaCl lattice (the lattice energy) requires 788 kJ/mol: NaCl (s) → Na Cl- ΔHlattice 788 kJ/mol Forming the lattice reverses the sign on the enthalpy, so ΔH -788 kJ per mole. So, even though it take 147 kJ/mol to form the ions, much more energy is released by lattice formation. The net enthalpy change is -641 kJ/mol. Thus, the formation of the ionic bond is exothermic. The lattice energy also explains why ionic compounds tend to have extremely high melting points. Polyatomic ions form bonds in much the same way. The difference is that you consider the group of atoms that forms that cation and anion rather than each individual atom.

Global Economic Crisis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Global Economic Crisis - Essay Example In the fiscal dominion, the reserves would diminish taxes and enhance communal expenditure at the possibility of finances deficits, not merely to enlarge the disposable revenues of the community subsequently that they will expend extra, but moreover to force-prime the economy from side to side increased government expenses that would engage inthe private segment drooping. A suitable foreign exchange rate strategy underneath such conditions would be to choose for a feeble currency, intended first and foremost at external requirement, as this would provide exports spirited and deflect domestic requirement missing from imports to local alternatives. Where monetary along with fiscal procedures do not work sound, the foreign exchange ratio instrument can assist, but there were no restrictions resting on exchange rate modification. Thus, an exchange rate depreciation or reduction would raise demand for a nation's products together at house and overseas by bringing about exports despicable and imports valuable. By means of all three chief policy mechanisms, specifically monetary, fiscal in addition to exchange rate, spinning under serious sedation, the probability of a rapid upturn are fairly thin. The inscriptions on the mass thus recommend that the disaster will affix around for as a minimum two years, if not elongated. Though, a number of of the very distinctiveness of fiscal policy scorned through its critics in fact raise its expediency in the source of expansion. In actual fact, specifically for the reason that fiscal policy is intensely political, improved fiscal policy be able to add to democratic strengthen (moreover vice versa). The functioning of a country's fiscal structure gives a picture of the social convention that associates its government as well as its general public. Widely offered goods with services of realistic quantity along with quality intended for the one part, and crystal clear and developmental tax scheme intended for the other, are symbols of a healthy social development. These two elements walk off hand in hand: if community goods for example fitness, education and transportation are in short supply near to the ground-quality or unevenly provided, the societal contract is destabilized. Citizens' awareness that taxes and expenditures are reasonable and well-organized-call it fiscal authenticity-are intimately associated to the authenticity of democratic system itself. Monetary policy remains a significant policy switch. The predictions integrate a considerable lessening in policy rates, even though the efficiency of interest proportion decline to sustain activity is probable to be controlled provided that financial circumstances remain dislocate. By means of interest rates looming zero in numerous foremost countries, central banks are discovering substitute policy methods that depend on applying their balance sheets to alleviate monetary environment further. The spotlight should be on disengaging key (towering-spread, stumpy -liquidity) credit marketplaces. World development is predictable to go down to percent in 2009, its deprived rate ever since World War II. Despite extensive- variety policy proceedings, financial strains continue acute, pulling downward the actual economy. A persistent

Outstanding patient care issue Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Outstanding patient care issue - Research Paper Example Healthcare is the most varying and the most synchronized sector in the current world. The quality in healthcare management is very important, which determines the level of confidence in patients to rely on a particular organization. It is important for the patient to understand that the hospital works in a cohesive manner and there is outstanding patient care. The hospital is responsible to provide all facilities for the doctors as well as the patients. Nurses have an inevitable role in hospitals; first and foremost, they have to clarify what the doctors have prescribed. For providing outstanding care to the patient, these nurses have to call the doctors and be thorough with which types of antibiotics to be given at what time. They take rounds throughout the hospital regularly so as to check the conditions of patients. They need to accompany the physicians and take notes according to what they say. They are masterminds at assessing the patient’s level of pain just by judging t heir facial expressions and they try various things to cheer the moods of patients. The current healthcare field is evolving and advancing with time, as a result, many of the organizations are trying to fulfill the needs and wants of the patients by providing them high class treatment with all types of equipments and machineries. The patient had fever and drainage afterwards and that is why she was readmitted to the hospital for a probable postoperative disease, seven days before. The patient needs utmost care from the organization. This will improve her health both mentally and physically. From the hospital’s point of view, it is very important to take care of the patient by providing whatever treatment or medication is needed. The individual effort will make a group effort that will directly give the best name to the hospital as the staff work their maximum to revive a patient back to complete health. The patients will be pleased by the way they are treated and would also a ppreciate the teamwork of the hospital. A consistent team of thoughtful people will create a world of diversity in exceptional patient care issues, which would bring in wide-ranging rewards to the performance. â€Å"A trusting relationship with patients and their families is built on open, honest communication. However, today's health care environment makes good communication among patients, families, and caregivers harder and harder to achieve. Hospital stays are shorter, medical care is more technologically complex, resources are constrained, and there is a growing need for patients and families to have more information about, and involvement in, care decisions† (Communicating With Patients, 2011). This mutual consent between the hospital authorities and the patients will lead to a positive result. The doctors, nurses and others from the lab and various departments, who are involved in the health care operations, will help the patients to retain their confidence. The initia l nursing plan has been documented but not updated after surgery. The oxygen tanks have been found on the floor and it has been found in not a secured condition. The nurses should clarify orders properly. Also the nurse was not able to range order policy accurately. As diseases like laparoscopic hysterectomy cause a lot of pain and suffering to the patients, they hope for a better treatment that would relieve their pain. The nurses and doctors have to treat this 67-year old patient very carefully and have to put in their best efforts. The patient had to undergo a surgery to treat a swelling

Earnings Method Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Earnings Method Management - Assignment Example If Invalid, Reason: It is invalid because the start of work is not an acceptable milestone. If Invalid, Reason: If Invalid, Reason: It is invalid because there is no milestone in period 3 and work was left to be completed. If Invalid, Reason: It is invalid because there is no milestone in the second measurement period. If Invalid, Reason: If Invalid, Reason: If Invalid, Reason: It is invalid because no more than 80% of the value of the next period’s milestone can be planned in the current period. If Invalid, Reason: It is invalid because it extends to more than two consecutive measurement periods and more than two earning points have been established. If Invalid, Reason: It is invalid because it spans more than two measurement periods and t has more than two earning points. If Invalid, Reason: It is invalid because the total work package should be 100% and there s no indication that the work will continue into the next period. If Invalid, Reason: If Invalid, Reason: If Invalid , Reason: It is invalid because the totals of the percentage ratios do not add up to 100% of the total work package and there is no indication that the work is ongoing to the next period. ... The first completed earning point was in period 2 and the project was completed in period 2. Comments: The 50% is earned when the project actually starts in period 1. However, the project was not completed until period 3 even though it was scheduled to be completed in period 2. Therefore, the planned earning point (period 2) is earlier than the completed earning point (perod 3). Comments: The work package was scheduled to start in period 2 and end in period 3; however, it was started earlier in period 1 and completed in period 2. Therefore, the earnings came much earlier than anticipated. Comments: The planned milestones are earlier than the completed milestones and so the planned values are earned in subsequent periods. The work continues into the next period when milestone 3 will be completed and the final budgeted amount of ?20,000 will be earned. Comments: The planned milestones were for periods 1, 2 and 3. However, the completed milestones occurred in periods 2 and 3. Therefore, half of the budgeted amount was earned n period 2 and the other half in period 3. Comments: The planned milestones were for periods 1 and 2. However, the milestones were completed in periods 1 and 2. The first milestone was completed before the scheduled start of the work package. Comments: The plan was for the work to start early in period 1 and to be completed in period 2. However, the work started late in period 2 and was still ongoing at the end of period 3. The milestones were planned for period 1 and 2 but the first milestone was not accomplished until period 3 due to the late start. Only 60 workdays were completed at the end of period 3. Comments: The work started a little late and so the milestones

An analysis of the key factors that influence the levels of motivation

An analysis of the key factors that influence the levels of motivation The purpose of this study are the motivational factors that Shell Pakistan use to motivates its employees to work in different departments. I have taken five departments: Sales, Marketing, Finance, HR and Production department. As around 300 people work in Shell and to motivate them shell uses different motivational theories which may include Alderfers ERG Theory, McClellands Theory of Needs, Equity Theory, Expectancy Theory. These are the following motivational factors that these departments practice continuously to motivate employees. Employee Appraisal Intrinsic Awards Employee Involvement Skill-based Pay Plans Flexible Benefits Benefits programme Training provision Time off and time out Our diverse global community Sports and social activities Listening to our employees After the analysis of complete survey we can conclude that employees of SHELL PAKISTAN enjoys different attributes of Motivation like they have Job Satisfaction as they believe they have personal and professional growth opportunities, they feel they have empowerment. They have very skillful, high-quality and superior working environment. They believe that their performance is appreciated will result in reward as SHELL PAKISTAN is having EDR system. The one thing that may be a cause of de-motivation is SHELL PAKISTAN does not offer tailored benefits. CORPORATE PROFILE Second Largest oil marketing company in Pakistan with an average turnover of over US$3.4 billion and market share of over 24% in black oil and 35% in white oil. Blue chip organization with market capitalization of around Rs. 44 billion {US$ 755 million} contributing US$ 873 million to the national exchequer. Regained market leadership in Mogas during FY 04 by elevating market share to 44% Set financial landmarks over the last 4 years with earnings almost doubled from Rs.2.3 billion to Rs. 7.06 billion maximizing shareholders value. Only Pakistani corporation to become member of the World Economic Forum based on stringent and forward looking criteria. Only company in Pakistan whose turnaround and remarkable performance is cited in various case studies both locally and internationally. Around 3,800 retail outlets across the country including 1,000 New Vision outlets commissioned within five years. Vast infrastructure of 9 installations and 23 depots from Karachi to Chitral and a supply chain supported by 2000 strong tank-lorry fleet and 950 railway wagons. Extensive storage capacity, almost 15% of total national storage, i.e. around 160,000 metric tons. A company fully aware of HSE standards and using these as part of continuous improvement process. ISO 9001:2000 certification of major retail outlets, Mobile Quality Testing Units and key installations/ depots and ISO 14001:1996 distinction for Kemari Terminal C. Leading National Company committed to support ongoing or innovative social and charitable projects in the field of education, health, welfare, women empowerment, etc. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 COMPANY INTRODUCTION 7 1.1 Introduction 7 1.2 Vision Evaluation 8 1.3 Values 8 1.4 Responsibilities: 8 1.5 Future Engagements 9 2 MOTIVATION IN ORGANIZATION 11 2.1 Definition 11 2.2 Motivation Process 11 2.3 Employee Motivation at Workplace 11 3 MOTIVATIONAL THEORIES ADOPTED AT SHELL PAKISTAN 13 3.1 Alderfers ERG Theory 13 3.1.1 Difference between Maslows Hierarchy of Need Alderfers 13 3.1.2 Alderfers ERG Theory AT SHELL PAKISTAN 14 3.1.3 Relatedness 15 3.1.4 Growth 15 3.2 Equity Theory 16 3.2.1 Theory Overview 16 3.2.2 Equity Theory AT SHELL PAKISTAN 18 3.3 Expectancy Theory 18 3.3.1 Theory Overview: 18 3.3.2 Expectancy Flowchart: 19 3.3.3 Expectancy Theory AT SHELL PAKISTAN 20 4 OTHER MOTIVATIONAL FACTORS AT SHELL PAKISTAN 21 4.1 Employee Appraisal 21 4.2 Intrinsic Awards at SHELL PAKISTAN 23 4.3 Employee Involvement 24 4.3.1 Employee Involvement AT SHELL PAKISTAN 24 4.4 Flexible Benefits 25 4.4.1 Retirement Plans 25 4.4.2 Health Insurance 26 4.4.3 Unexpected Conditions 26 4.4.4 Rightsizing 27 4.5 De-motivated Employees 27 4.5.1 Counseling 27 4.5.2 Career Development 27 5 SURVEY DETAILS 28 5.1 Job Satisfaction 28 5.2 Work Environment 30 5.3 Employee Empowerment 32 5.4 Performance Appraisal Satisfaction 33 5.5 Flexible Benefits 35 6 CONCLUSION 36 7 RECOMMENDATION 38 8 APPENDIX A: Survey Questionnaire 39 COMPANY INTRODUCTION Introduction The history of Shell as a brand name in South Asia is more than 100 years old. Shell brand name dating back to 1899 when Asiatic Petroleum, the marketing arm of two companies: Shell Transport Company and Royal Dutch Petroleum Company began their imports of kerosene oil from Azerbaijan in South Asia. Till today, the heritage of the past is noticeable in a market of South Asia since 1898 In 1928, to make their distribution capability efficient effective, the market concentration of  Royal Dutch Shell plc and the Burma Oil Company Limited in sub-continent had merged and Burma Shell Oil Storage Distribution Company of sub-continent was born. After the independence of Islamic Republic of Pakistan in 1947, the name changed to the Burma Shell Oil Distribution Company of Pakistan. During 1970, when 51% of the shareholding was transferred to Pakistani investors, the name changed to Pakistan Burma Shell (PBS) Limited. The Shell and the Burma Groups retained the remaining 49% in equal propositions. In February 1993, as economic liberalization began to take root and the Burma provided opportunity to Pakistani Investors by divesting from PBS, Shell Petroleum (Pakistan) stepped into raise its shareholding to 51%. The years 2001-2 have seen the Shell Petroleum Company successively increasing its stake, with the Group now having a 76% stake in Shell Pakistan Ltd (SPL) an expr ession of confidence Shell has an over 100 years presence in the Subcontinent http://www.shell.com.pk/home/content/pak/aboutshell/who_we_are/history/history_logo/ (Date:26-11-2010, Time:18:00) Vision Evaluation The Vision of Shell as a company related to energy industry have been very strict focused to competition. The futuristic approach has let to the group in investing innovating different sources of energy apart from oil petroleum. Values We set high standards of performance and ethical behaviour that we apply internationally. The Shell General Business Principles, Code of Conduct and Code of Ethics help everyone at Shell act according to our core values of honesty, integrity and respect for people and to comply with relevant legislation and regulations. http://www.shell.com.pk/home/content/pak/aboutshell/who_we_are/our_values_and_principles/ (Date: 26-11-2010, Time: 21:00) Responsibilities: Shell Pakistan put its total efforts to implement its core values and ethical conduct by fulfilling its responsibilities expectations to its employees, customers, investors, shareholders to society. Employees: Shell Pakistan always puts the safety security of its employees first. This depicts that the organization has a deep concern for its employees value the work efforts by which it wants to achieve success. Customers: The organization has a high motive to attract retain customers by providing them the products that are competitive in price of high standards in quality. The competition in energy sector has been highly focused by Shell investments in innovative products have always been there. Investors: It is important for Shell Pakistan that its investors base remains supportive to the organization so that when it needs to expand or restructure any of its function or component, the business always have financial support to effectively pursue that. Shareholders: Shareholders are the real owners of the organization. Shell Pakistan makes most of its efforts to protect shareholders investments provide them with competitive benefits of long term (capital growth) short term returns (dividends). To Society: There are many aspects of responsibility to society. Some of them are Corporate, Environmental sustainability concern for general people that the business directly or indirectly effects to. Shell Pakistan has clear policies for it sustainability has participated in flood relief in Pakistan by providing aids to the most effected. http://www.shell.com.pk/home/content/pak/aboutshell/media_centre/news_and_media_releases/2010/flood_2010.html (Date: 26-11-2010, Time: 13:49) Future Engagements To engage in backward integration by acquiring a major National Refinery. This has a capacity of 2.8 million tons of which sales to SHELL PAKISTAN are 25%. To develop a white oil pipeline in collaboration with major POL companies so as to eliminate transportation inefficiencies. Invest in the business of coal mining to capture a lucrative fuel source to which most consumers are switching. MOTIVATION IN ORGANIZATION Definition No other topic in the field of Organizational Behavior (OB) has received as much attention as the subject of motivation. . (FTC, 2009) Motivation can be defined in a variety of ways, depending on whom you ask. If you ask someone on the street, you may get a response like, Its what drives us or Motivation is what makes us do the things we do. As far as a formal definition, motivation can be defined as forces within an individual that account for the level, direction, and persistence of effort expended at work, according. (Parsons and Maclaran, 2009) This is an excellent working definition for use in business. Now that we understand what motivation is, we can look at the factors that help managers to be able to motivate and then a look at some of the theories on motivation. (Latham, 2007) Motivation Process Unsatisfied need => Tension => Drives => Search Behavior => Satisfied needs => Reduction of tension => New unsatisfied needs (Adair, 2009) Employee Motivation at Workplace Motivation is what gets you started. Habit is what keeps you going. Jim Ryun The job of a manager in the workplace is to get things done through employees. To do this the manager should be able to motivate employees. But thats easier said than done! Motivation practice theories are difficult subjects, touching on several disciplines. . (FTC, 2009) In spite of enormous research, basic as well as applied, the subject of motivation is not clearly understood and more often than not poorly practiced. To understand motivation one must understand human nature itself. And there lies the problem! Human nature can be very simple, yet very complex too. An understanding and appreciation of this is prerequisite to effective employee motivation in the workplace and therefore effective management and leadership (Latham, 2007) . There is an old saying You can take a horse to the water but you cannot force it to drink; he will drink if he is thirsty That is also the case with people; they will do what they want to do or otherwise motivated to do, whether it is to excel on the workshop floor or in the ivory tower. The people or employees must be motivated or driven to it, either by themselves or through external stimulus. (Adair 2009 Leadership and Motivation) Are they born with the self-motivation or drive? Yes and no. if no, they can be motivated, for motivation is a skill, which can and must be learnt. This is essential for any business to survive and succeed. Performance is considered to be a function of ability and motivation, thus Job Performance = f (ability) (motivation) Ability in turn depends on education, experience and training and its improvements is a slow and long process. On the other hand motivation can be improved quickly. There are many options and an uninitiated manager may not even know where to start. As a guideline, there are broadly seven strategies for motivation. Positive reinforcement / high expectations Effective discipline and punishment Treating people fairly Satisfying employees needs Setting work related goals Restructuring jobs Base rewards on job performance These are the basic strategies, though the mix in the final recipe will vary from workplace situation to situation. Essentially, there is a gap between an individuals actual state and some desired state and the manager tries to reduce this gap (Latham, 2007) Motivation is, in effect, a means to reduce and manipulate this gap. It is inducing others in a specific way towards goals specifically stated by the motivator. Naturally, these goals as also the motivation system must conform to the corporate policy of the organization. The motivational system must be tailored to the situation and to the organization. (Adair, 2009) SHELL PAKISTAN is a huge setup and has about 2000 employees. To keep all of its employees motivated is a very complex task, because of the large number of employees and as each employee has his/her own personality. It becomes virtually impossible to devise techniques that match the personality of all the employees. So for this purpose they have certain procedures and policies jointly for all the employees of the organization. MOTIVATIONAL THEORIES ADOPTED AT SHELL PAKISTAN Alderfers ERG Theory Alderfers theory is called the ERG theory Existence, Relatedness, and Growth. Alderfers ERG Theory can well be compared with Maslows Hierarchy of Need Theory cause Alderfers has tried to cover all the points as discussed by Maslows with a little change, which is discussed below. . (FTC, 2009) Existence: Existence refers to our concern with basic material existence requirements; what Maslows called physiological and safety needs. Relatedness: Refers to the desire we have for maintaining interpersonal relationships; similar to Maslows social/love need, and the external component of his esteem need. Growth: Refers to an intrinsic desire for personal development; the intrinsic component of Maslows esteem need, and self-actualization. (Latham, 2007) Difference between Maslows Hierarchy of Need Alderfers Alderfers ERG theory differs from Maslows Need Hierarchy insofar as ERG theory demonstrates that more than one need may be operative at the same time. ERG theory does not assume a rigid hierarchy where a lower need must be substantially satisfied before one can move on. (FTC, 2009) ERG Theory argues, like Maslows that satisfied lower-order needs lead to desire to satisfy higher-order needs; but multiple needs can be operating as motivators at the same time, and frustration in attempting to satisfy a higher-level need can result in regression to a lower-level need. (Adair, 2009) Alderfers ERG Theory AT SHELL PAKISTAN Existence SHELL PAKISTAN gratifies the need for existence and the employees at SHELL PAKISTAN think that their basic needs are being satisfied but they dont seem to be completely satisfied with it especially with the material rewards that they get. For e.g. Average Salary The employees at SHELL PAKISTAN are not satisfied with their salaries and they consider it to be average. This view is strongly found in the lower grade employees and the contractual employees. Though the upper level employees that include the Departmental Heads, General Managers and above seem to be much satisfied with what they are paid. Excellent Working Environment Though the average salary seems to be de-motivating factor for the low level employees and the contractual employees but due to the excellent working environment that SHELL PAKISTAN provides, these employees seem to be seldom de-motivated. It was surprising for us to find that there had been various employees who just wanted to work in SHELL PAKISTAN because of the working environment they provide regardless of what they are paid and what job responsibilities are they given. This turned out to be one of SHELL PAKISTANS strongest points. Job Security Working at SHELL PAKISTAN seems to be a secure job as far as the permanent and high-level employees are concerned but the contractual employees never find it to be as secure. But due to job security being a major issue in Pakistan today, these contractual employees were hesitant to voice their complaint. (Latham, 2007) Insurance Medical Benefits All permanent employees at SHELL PAKISTAN enjoy the Life Insurance and Medical Benefits that are entitled to them. In contrast the contractual employees; realizing the downward trend in the economy, just want a stable job regardless of the insurance and medical benefits provided by SHELL PAKISTAN. (Latham, 2007) Employee Safety The employee safely is given top most importance and they also have an emergency evacuation system with which the entire organization can be evacuated within minutes. The employees also given various training and sometimes perform various drills for employee safety. The employee seems to be satisfied with the safety that SHELL PAKISTAN provides to them. Relatedness These needs are social in nature and they are about the interpersonal relationships of the staff. Good Working Relationship At SHELL PAKISTAN, these needs are quite well satisfied since the employees have a good working relationship even though there is an air of competency surrounding them. Self Differences between High Level Employee It has also been noticed that few of the high level employees at organization have some self differences that are developed due to status problems and ownership problems which effect the process of maintaining a good interpersonal relationship but then again the high level employees are professionals and they tend to forget these difference when they meet each other a global level. (Latham, 2007) Company Events and Privileges All employees are given the special privilege to join and use the SHELL PAKISTAN club, gym, attend in Company events, dinner etc thus allowing them to intermingle with each more. Growth The permanent and high-level employees are satisfied with the growth opportunities that SHELL PAKISTAN provides them every now and then. Training Employee training workshops are conducted on a need basis. Trainings are carried out in areas such as: Improvement of Business Communication skills Usage of new Computer software Encourages Ideas Employees are encouraged to put forward any creative, beneficial ideas. If the idea seems to be attractive, SHELL PAKISTAN gives the employees the opportunity to implement the idea. This turns out to be a very encouraging and motivating approach for the employees and later on the employees are rewarded if the idea is implemented well. (Latham, 2007) Employee Job Rotation For the purpose of employee growth and increase in motivation, employees are often rotated within or between departments. Equity Theory Theory Overview Equity (or inequity) is a psychological state residing within an individual. It creates a feeling of dissonance that the individual attempts to resolve in some manner (Latham, 2007) Equity is a social comparison process, resulting when individuals compare their pay to the pay of others. There is no rational or single equitable pay rate for any given job or individual. Equity is a subjective evaluation, not an objective one. Based on the comparisons that an individual uses, each individual is likely to develop different perceptions of equity. (Latham, 2007) The comparisons that individuals use tend to fall into four classes of comparison: Self Inside: An employees experiences in a different position inside his current organization. (Adair, 2009) Self outside: An employees experiences in a different position outside his current organization. Other Inside: Another Individual or group of individuals inside the employees organization. Other Outside: Another Individual or group of individuals outside the employees organization. (Latham, 2007) Individuals determine equity by comparing their contributions (job inputs) and their rewards (job outcomes) to those of their comparisons. This comparison takes the form of a ratio and if this ratio is in balance, the individual perceives equity. Inequity is experienced when ratio is out of balance. Thus when an individual perceives that his/her contribution is equal to the comparison and his/her reward is lower or his/ her contribution is greater and reward is equal, inequity is felt. (Latham, 2007) The individual responses to inequity include: Leaving the organization Reduction in performance, generally extra role behavior Attempting to increase ones pay Attempting to reduce the performance of others Rationalization- perceptually altering reward and/or contribution What do individuals view as relevant contributions? Given the perceptual nature of equity, the answer varies with each individual; however, contributions fall into a number of categories: Job contributions Include the factors that differentiate one job from another. They typically include responsibility, skills, education, and working conditions required by the job itself. (e.g., individuals working in jobs requiring greater levels of responsibility generally expect higher levels of pay). (Parson and Maclaran, 2009) Personal contributions Include attributes the individuals bring to the organization that they believe differentiate them from others such as experience, longevity and extra education (e.g., individuals with greater seniority often expect higher levels of pay). Performance contributions Include the extra effort/results that differentiate one employee from another (e.g., individuals who perceive that their performance is better than others with whom they work, often believe they are entitled to higher levels of pay. (Latham, 2007) Typical Management interests Managers generally define pay-related problems in terms of their behavioral consequences (turnover or performance). Therefore, inequity itself is not generally viewed as a management problem unless it appears to be related to turnover of reduced performance. Since the links between turnover and pay are often much clearer than those between pay and extra role behavior, turnover often becomes the only managerial focus. Therefore, typical management interests relate to keeping the employees who it deems valuable.(Latham, 2007) Typical Employee Interests From the employee perspective, the perception of inequity is a problem in itself. A unions interests lies in achieving equity for the greatest number of its members, regardless of their ability to leave the organization. In fact, it is a unions responsibility to bargain for the interests of those with limited individual power or marketability. Low morale is often a consequence of inequity. Even when low morale is not manifested in turnover, reduced performance, to reluctance to take on extra duties, from the employee perspective, it is still viewed as a problem. (Adair, 2009) Equity Theory AT SHELL PAKISTAN Employee Performance Appraisal Employee performance appraisal procedure is highly accountable thus leaving no chance of inequity among employees. Employee Salary Evaluation An employees educational qualification is given highest importance when evaluating salary. It may be possible that a lower grade employee, within the same or different department, has a higher salary than someone in an immediately higher grade. Thus inequity sometimes arises among employees working in a higher group within the same or different departments. (Parsons and Maclaran, 2009) Expectancy Theory Theory Overview: The expectancy theory argues that the strength of a tendency to act in a certain way depends on the strength of an expectation that the act will be followed by a given outcome and on the attractiveness of that outcome to the individual. In more practical terms this theory says That an employee will be motivated to exert a high level of effort when he or she believes that the effort will lead to a good performance appraisal; that a good performance appraisal will lead to organizational rewards like a bonus, a salary increase, or a promotion; and that the rewards will satisfy the employees personal goals (Latham, 2007) Expectancy The expectancy is the belief that ones effort will result in attainment of desired performance goals. This belief, or perception, is generally based on an individuals past experience, self-confidence (often termed self-efficiency) and the perceived difficulty of the performance standard or goals. (Adair, 2009) Instrumentality The extent of individuals belief of performing at a particular level will lead to the attainment of a desired outcome. Valance The extent of attractiveness of rewards offered by an organization that must satisfy an individuals requirements retain them by prospect potential development within career organization. Example Include: Do I want a bigger raise? Is it worth the extra effort? Do I want a promotion? Expectancy Flowchart: (Vroom  V H.  (1964) Work And Motivation) Valence Instrumentality Expectancy OUTCOME PERFORMANCE EFFORT REWARD Expectancy Theory states that the strength of a tendency to act in a certain way depends on the strength of expectation that an act will be followed by a given outcomes and on the attractiveness of that outcome to the individual. (Parsons and Maclaran, 2009) Expectancy Theory AT SHELL PAKISTAN At SHELL PAKISTAN the employees believe in maximum effort which leads to good performance which further results in the outcome in the form of rewards like a raise in income, promotion, performance appraisal letter etc that contribute towards their personal goals. Contractual Employee Views The contractual employees are also aware of this theory but they dont follow it because it has been found that their basic aim is to become a permanent employee. But becoming permanent employee doesnt entirely depend on the performance. It also depends if there is any permanent slot available. So the contractual employees are aware of the facts that even if they perform well, they cannot become permanent unless there is a slot available. So this serves as a very de-motivating factor for the contractual employees and this is the reason they dont hesitate to switch the job whenever they get even a slight better opportunity or a permanent place in some other organization. (Adair, 2009) Effort At SHELL PAKISTAN, the employees are aware of the fact that if they work competently and put their efforts, they will be able to attain the task performance, as the effort expanded by them will have a positive result. Performance When the employees of SHELL PAKISTAN put their efforts, they attain the desired performance level and consequently are evaluated on that ground. (Latham, 2007) Instrumentality: Instrumentality is also quite high in the company as the management assigns a certain % of work that the employees have to achieve, through which, they are evaluated at the time of dispensing rewards. The % of work is in terms of yearly goals, monthly goals and weekly goals. Rewards When the employees attain certain level of work performance gauged against the goals set at the start of the year, they are positively evaluated and get rewards in shape of annual increment; and organizational performance rewards etc. Valance: The employees attach a great deal of value to the rewards they get. The rewards are often in the form of a praise or recognition, to which the employees attach a great deal of significance. Monetary rewards are costly and require loads of time and energy. Therefore the management is not too keen on imparting such gifts. (Latham, 2007) OTHER MOTIVATIONAL FACTORS AT SHELL PAKISTAN Employee Appraisal At SHELL PAKISTAN, employee appraisals are conducted annually to evaluate their work related and personal performance. The process of appraisal works in various steps and the HRM department is proud to have such a system instilled in the company where no one objects to the appraisal process as its considered to be the fairest attempt of grading an employee in the company. The appraisal process is held in between the months of July and June every year. Increments and promotions are devised after this period that becomes effective from the month of October, the same year. Performance Appraisal at SHELL PAKISTAN is a six step approach. Step 1: SHELL PAKISTAN HR department have designed two forms named as Form 1A and form 1B to measure the milestone, target achievements that were made last year. This is done by comparing the goals set last year for each individual employee under their department. Once measured, it is sought out to what extent the company was successful in achieving its target. Also, targets are set for the next year on the basis of this measurement. Step 2: In the next step, HRM department does performance analysis by distributing to departmental heads and supervisors Form 2A and 2B (Collectively known as Employee Development Report) to measure the employees capabilities on 24 different attributes and of the attribute is rated on the scale of 1 to 5; summary of these points is reflected in the table below Rating Point Summary 1 Inadequate, Not satisfactory 2 Marginal, Below Average 3 Average 4 Above Average 5 Outstanding The 24 different attributes are divided in to key 4 sections; a summary of those is listed below: Employee Development Report (EDR) A What did the employee accomplish? Quality of work Cost objective Profit objective Develop people Commitment to company vision, value and corporate objective B Gets the job done Planning Organizational communication Analysis